Maintain a minimum structural gap (typically 6mm to 8mm) between the primary high-voltage traces and the secondary low-voltage traces beneath the transformer and optocouplers to comply with international safety standards (such as IEC 60950/62368).

[24V DC Input] ──► [Input Protection Block] ──► [Filtering & Smoothing] ──► [Power Stage / 11A Output] │ │ ▼ ▼ Overcurrent / TVS Diode Thermal Feedback Loop 1. Input Protection Block

The schematic begins at the AC or raw DC input terminals. Because industrial environments are plagued by voltage spikes and electromagnetic interference (EMI), this stage is heavily reinforced: