The gold standard for welfare is the "Five Freedoms," originally developed for livestock: Freedom from discomfort (providing appropriate shelter). Freedom from pain, injury, or disease. Freedom to express normal behavior. Freedom from fear and distress. Animal Rights: The Philosophical Shift
| Policy | Welfare Approach | Rights Approach | Outcome | | :--- | :--- | :--- | :--- | | | Banned in 2012; replaced with enriched cages. | Failed; egg production continues. | Welfare reduced suffering but 330M hens still confined. | | Cosmetic testing (EU) | Banned 2013. | Partial success; testing moved to China, but EU showed abolition possible. | Welfare-led ban had rights-like outcome. | | Foie gras | Force-feeding banned in 14 countries. | Limited; production shifted elsewhere. | Welfare reduces worst abuses, not use. | | Great ape research | Banned in most Western nations. | Strong rights influence (cognitive similarity to humans). | Near-total abolition for one taxon. | The gold standard for welfare is the "Five