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Florescano’s work is often cited as a direct response to the lack of historical understanding surrounding modern movements like the Zapatista uprising. It challenges "essentialist" views that suggest Mexican identity is immutable, showing instead that it has been a constantly negotiated and often forced construct. Digital Access and Availability While many academic platforms and digital libraries offer

Florescano dedicates substantial space to exploring the concept of "etnia" (ethnicity) in the Mexican context. He argues that from the colonial era onward, indigenous communities were systematically constructed as the "other"—a problem to be managed, assimilated, or eliminated. This category was not a neutral description but a tool for control. By examining the shifts in ethnic identity, Florescano shows how indigenous peoples were simultaneously a foundational part of Mexico’s mythical past (the grandeur of the Aztecs) and a marginalized presence in its modernizing present. He notes that the "great excluded" from the triumphant, nationalist narrative were the living Indians and the heirs of the conservatives. This category was not a neutral description but