While formal political parties didn't exist in 1820, the societal divisions formed then—between pro-Austrian conservatives and nationalistic liberals—laid the groundwork for the first true parties (the Old Czechs and Young Czechs) later in the century. Part 2: The 2011 Turning Point
The Velvet Revolution of November 1989 toppled the communist regime, restoring multi‑party democracy. The transition was remarkably smooth, but it also gave rise to an entire new political landscape.